A personality disorder is identified by a pervasive pattern of experience and behavior that is abnormal with respect to any of the following two: thinking , mood , personal relations, and the control of impulses.
Personality is the total of a person's internal and external patterns of adjustment to life, determined in part by the individual's genetic make-up and by life experiences. Thus, the dynamics of personality development become increasingly complex throughout the lifespan as one continually interacts with the envionment and experience various stages of physical and psychological maturation. Factors influencing psychological maturation include genetic endowments such as inheritedtraits, potentials, and characteristics ; environmental stressors including parental relationships, peer relationships, and cultural and social experiences; individual accomplishments that are the results of learning and adaptation; and one's mental health status at each developmental stage. Thus, a newborn or infant reacts differently to a given environmental stimulus than does an adolescent, a young adult, or an elderly person.
Theories of personality Development
Various theories of personality maturation are presented in development psychology classes as part of the curriculum in nursing programs. Generally , these theories are categorized as ssychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioristic, and interpersonal .A summary of the more common theories , such as those of Sigmund Freud, Eric Erikson, and Jean piaget, are presented in this chapter.
Freud's psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Development
Freud's theory of personality development describes three major categories. the development of personality, the organization or structure of personality, and the dynamics of personality. Freud expalins the development of the personality. Freud explains the development of the personality by describing three levels of consciousness: the unconscious, preconscious ( subconscious) , and consciuos THe unconscious level consistsof drives, feelings,ideas, and urges outside of the person's awareness. This is the most significant level of consciousness because of its effect on behavior.A considerable amount of psychic energy is used to keep unpleasant memories stored in the unconscious level of the mind. The preconciuos or subconscious level, consists of feelings, ideals, drives, and ideas that are out of one's ongoing awareness but can ve recalled readily. The conscious level of the personality is aware of the present and controls purposeful behaviors.
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The organization or structure of the personality consists of he id, which is an unconscious reservoir of primitive drives and instincts dominated by thinking and the plesure principle: the ego , which meets and interacts with the outside world as an integrator or mediator and is the executive function of the personality that operates at all three levels of consciousness; and the superego , which acts as the censoring force or conscience of the personality and is composed of morals, mores, values, and ethics largely derived from one's parents. THe superego operates at all three levels of consciousness.
According to Freud's explanation of the dynamics of the personality, each person has a certain amount of psychic energy to cope with the problems of everyday living. The id's energy is used to reduce tension and may be exhibited, for example, by frequency of urination, daydreaming, or eating. THe eogps energy controls the impulsive actions of the id nd the moralistic and idealistic actions of the superego. One whose energy is controlled primarily by the superego generally behaves in anoverly moralistic manner because the structure of the personality monopolizes the psychic energy that governs the person's behavior.
In his psychosexual theory , Freud also describes five phases of the psychobiologic process that have a great impact on personality development : oral,anal , phallic oroedipal, latency and genital.
+ The oral phase ( O to 18 mos) is a period in which pleasure is derived mainly through the mouth by the actions of sucking or biting.
+ During the anal phase ( 18 mos to 3 years) , attention focuses on the excretory function, and the fuondation is laid for the development of the superego.
+ In the phallic or oedipal stage ( 3 to 7 years) , a stage of growth and developnent , the child identified with the parent of the same sex, forms a deep attachment to the parent of the oppersite sex develops a sexual identity of male or female role, and begins to expericence guilt.
+ During the latency phase ( 7 years to adolescence) , the person learns to recognize and handle reality , has a limited sexual image, develops an inner control over aggressive or destructive impilses, and experiences intellectual and social growth.
+ In the genital phase ( puberty or adolescence into adult life) , the final stage of psychosexual development , the individual develops the capacity for object love and mature sexuality and establishes identity and independence.
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