Concept of Mental Health

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Although there is no universal definition of mental health, peoole in the helping professions seem to agree that mental health is a positive state in which one is responsible, displays self-awareness, is self-directive, is reasonably worry free, and can cope with usual daily tensions. Such individuals function well in society, are accepted within a group, and are generally satisfied with their lives. Other definitions refer to the ability to solve problems; fulfill one's capacity for love adn eork; cope with crises without assistance beyond the support of family or freends; and maintain a state of will-being by enjoying life, setting goals and realistic limits,and becoming independent,interdependent, or dependent as the need arises without permanently losing one's independence.
Factors Influencing Mental health
Three factors influence the development of mental health; inherrited characteristics, nurturing during childhood. and life circumstance.

• Inherited Characteristics

Some theorists believe that no one is completely normal and that the ability to maintain a mentally healthy out look on life is, in part, due to one's genes.Similarly,genetic defects resulting in innate differences in sensitivity and temperament that prompt various responses to the environment may predispose a person to cognitive disability, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder. Genetic theories are discussed in specific chapters of this book whe applicable.

• Nurturing During Childhood

Nurturing during childhood refers to the interaction between the family and child, which also affect the development of mental health. Positive nurturing begins with bonding at childbirth and includes development of the feelings of love, security, and acceptances. The child experiences positive interactions with parents and siblings. Negative nurturing includes circumstances such as maternal deprivation, parental rejection, sibing rivalry, and early communication failures.Individuals who are exposed to poor nurturing may develop poor self-esteem or poor communication skills. They may also display socially unacceptable behavior as they seek to meet their basic needs.

• Life Circumstances

:Life circumstances can influence one's mental health from birth.Individuals who experience positive circumstances are generally emotionally secure and successful in school and are able to establish healthy interpersonal relationships. Negative cuircumstances such as poverty,poor physical health, unemployment, abuse, neglect, and unresolved childhood loss generally precipitate feelings of hopelessness. helplessness, or worhtlessness. These negative responses place a person at risk for depression, substance abuse, or other mental health disorders.

Mood disorders

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Mood disorders encompass a large group of disorders involving pathological mood and related disturbances. Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR) divides mood disorders into two main categories: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders ( American Psychiatric Association [ APA],2000 ). Mood disorders are one of the most commonly occurring psychiatric-mental health disorders. Only alcoholism and phobias are more common.
Mood disorders can occur in any age group. Infants may exhibit signs of anaclitic depression ( withdrawal, nonresponsiveness, depression, and vulnerability to physical illness) or failure to thrive with anxiety, exhibiting behaviors such as hyperactivity, school phobia, or excessive clinging to parents. Adolescents experiencing depression may exhibit poor academic performance; sexual promiscuity, truancy, or running- away behavior; or attempt suicide .
Risk Factor for Mood disorders.

• Prior episodes of depression
• Family history of depressive disorders
• Prior suicide attempts
• Female gender
• Age of onset younger than 40 years
• Postpartum period
• Medical comorbidity associated with a high risk of depression
• Lack of social support
• Stressful life events
• Current alcohol or substance abuse or use of medication associate with a high risk of depression
• Presence of anxiety, eating disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, somatization disorder, personality disorder, grief, adjustment reactions. Depressive may coexist with other psychiatric conditions.
  

Anxiety disorders

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Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric-mental health disorder, the belief was that anxiety disorders declined with age. However, axperts now believe that aging and anxiety are not mutually exclusive. Most older adults with an anxiety disorder experienced anxiety when they were younger. Stresses and vulnerabiliries unique to the aging process( eg, chronic physical problems, cognitive impairment, and significant emotional losses) contribute to the developnent of increased anxiety, possibly causing an exacerbationof a privous anxiety disorder.
Clinical Symptoms : Anxiety disorder
Physiologic symptoms

• Elevate pulse, blood pressure, and respiration
• Dyspnea or hyperventilation
• Diaphoresis
• Vertigo or lightheadedness
• Blurred vision
• Anorexia , nausea, and vomiting
• Frequency of uritnation
• Headache
• Insomnia or sleep disturbance
• Weakness or muscle tension
• Tightness in the chest
• Sweaty palms
• Dilated pupils

Psychological or emotional symptoms

• Withdrawal
• Depression
• Irritability
• Crying
• Lack of interest of apathy
• Hypercriticism
• Anger
• Feelings of worthlessness,apprehension,or helplessness

Behavioral symptons

• Pacing
• Inability to sit still
• Fingering hair continuously or other nervous habits
• Hypervigilance

Therapy for reduction of anxiety :

• Change of pace or scenery : walking in the woods or along the beach, listening to music, caring for a pet, or engaging in a hobby are a few ways to change pace or scenery in an attempt to decrease anxiety by removing oneself form the source or cause of stress.
• Exercise or massage for relaxation technique : Exercise can be a telease or outlet for pent-up tension or anxiety. Massage is soothing and helps to relax one's muscles. Expectant mothers who practice the Lamaze technique for pripared childbirth use effleurage, or a masssage of the abdominal muscles during urterine contractions, to promote relaxation.

Symptoms : Anorexia nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa

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Symptoms: ANOREXIA NERVOSA

• Refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight, even with preoccupation with thoughts of food
• Significant distortion in perception of body size or shape
• Amenorrhea in women who established a menstrual cycle
• Depressed mood
• Social with drawal
• Irritability
• Insomnia
• Decreased interest insex
• Inflexigble thinking
• Strong need to control one's enviroment

Symptoms : Bulimia Nervosa

• Blinge eating
• Excessive influence of body shape and weight on self evaluation
• Use of self - induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics , or enemas; fasting or excessive exercise
• Low self-esteem
• Mood disturbance
• Possible stimulant use
  

Eating disorders

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Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity are among the most challenging illnesses confronting the mantal health profession.
The American Heart Association recognizes obesity as a distinct risk factor for heart disease. All three disorders may have serious medical consequences if clients remain untreated. However, with proper help, persons with an eating disorder can often learn to stabilize their eating patterns, maintain a healthy weight, and become less preoccupied with food. Eating disorders are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior.
Examples of clinical symptoms shared with eating disorders include:

• Focus on body weight and lack of fat to measure one's worth
• Constant dieting on low -calories , high - restriction diets ( who were obese and tried dieting without success)
• Impaired body image
• Preoccupation eith food or refusal to discuss it
• Use of food to satisfy negative feelings such as anger, rejection, or loneliness
• Compulsive exercising ( clients who were obese and tried dieting without success)
• Fear of not being able to stop eating
• Abuse of drugs or alcohol before bingeing
• Stealing, shoplifting, or prostitution to obtain money for food

The Benefits of Healthy Breakfast Foods for Our Body

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The Benefits of Healthy Breakfast Foods for Our Body
by: Emma Arsanti
We know how important breakfast is for a good start to the day but healthy breakfast foods are a great way to get started each day on the right food so you don't have to keep eating sugar and fat to keep yourself feeling awake.
After an 8 hour sleep you have likely gone without eating for 8 - 14 hours. This means that your body and brain are running on empty in the morning.
People also should know the importance of breakfast and how it helps in losing weight in a healthier way.
About Healthy Breakfast Foods
Healthy breakfast foods are generally low in calories, low in fat and are filling because of high fiber and/or protein. . When it comes to eating smarter to lose weight you do not always have to go to extremes in changing your diet. If you are thinking about devising a healthy weight loss plan of action, think breakfast!
Eating breakfast everyday is a big part of losing weight. Many people skip breakfast, thinking it will lose weight. This can result in eating more. People who choose to skip breakfast may already be overweight and are trying to cut down on calories by skipping a meal. It may also be because overweight individuals in this group underestimated the amount of food they ate and reported smaller portion sizes than they actually consumed. Actually, eating a bigger meal in the morning and a smaller meal at night optimizes your daily energy levels. When it comes to eating the most important meal of the day, healthy breakfast foods are key to ensuring the best start of a morning.

What Kind Of Healthy Breakfast Foods
Certain cereals and other healthy breakfast foods are a great way to get started each day on the right food. A fruit juice like orange or grape provide a healthy option as well as does a glass of milk or you can choose oatmeal with blueberries and soy milk, a piece of whole grain toast with peanut butter and banana on top, a hardboiled egg on an English muffin, or a fruit smoothie with flaxseed added. When it comes to eating one apple, you will consume about 80 calories with a large amount of fiber and protein or you can pick a cereal with healthy nuts like almonds or walnuts, so you'll get additional protein and good fats your body needs.
Being healthy should start from an early age. Eating habits develop over time and it is important that kids learn the health benefits of eating the right kinds of food and healthy breakfast foods provide you energy throughout the day. They fill you up and provide the necessary nutrients your body needs to feel good. One thing you should know that the key to healthy eating is to find a balance among many different kinds of food.

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